Program storage device usable with a system for applying low energy emission therapy

ABSTRACT

A low energy emission therapy system which includes an emitter of low energy electromagnetic emissions and a probe for applying the emissions to a patient under treatment. The emitter emits a high frequency electromagnetic emission in the form of a carrier signal modulated by a plurality of modulation signals. The invention also includes an impedance transformer located intermediate the emitter and the probe in order to match the impedance of the patient with that of the output of the emitter. Particular modulation signal frequencies and application times and sequences are provided for the treatment of insomnia, and for the treatment of general anxiety disorder which may include panic attacks.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/951,563, filed Sep. 25,1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,528.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to systems and methods for applying low energyemission therapy for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.

Low energy emission therapy involving application of low energyelectromagnetic emissions to a patient has been found to be an effectivemode of treating a patient suffering from central nervous system (CNS)disorders such as generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorders, sleepdisorders including insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders such as delayedsleep, psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsivedisorders, disorders resulting from substance abuse, sociopathy, posttraumatic stress disorders or other disorders of the central nervoussystem. Apparatus and methods for carrying out such treatment aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,649,935 and 4,765,322, assigned to thesame assignee as the present application, the disclosures of which areexpressly incorporated herein by reference. Since the time of theseearlier disclosures, a substantially greater understanding of themechanisms of the treatment and how to secure best results has beengained, which has led to important developments being made to theapparatus (herein described as a system).

Although the apparatus and methods described in the above patents haveprovided satisfactory results in many cases, consistency andsignificance of results has sometimes been lacking. Also, it was notalways possible to properly control or monitor the duration of treatmentor the quantities or nature of the low energy emissions being applied tothe patient. Furthermore, the efficiency of transfer of the low energyemissions to the patient was limited and was affected by such factors aspatient movement, outside interference and the like.

Another limitation of the previously described apparatus is that it isnot very amenable to ready marketing by marketing organizationsspecifically of the nature comprised in the pharmaceutical industry. Theapparatus is intended for therapy or treatment of patients and the lowenergy emissions applied to the patient are akin to pharmaceuticalmedication. The marketing organization of a pharmaceutical industryshould thus be placed in a position to market the therapy in a fashionnot widely different from the fashion in which pharmaceutical productsare marketed, e.g., through pharmacists, with or without a doctor'sprescription.

Research on treatment for insomnia has lagged behind other medicalresearch programs. Current treatment methods for insomnia consist eitherof hypnotics, behavioral therapies (e.g. biofeedback), or of the use ofdrug agents, specifically benzodiazepines or imidazopyridines.Tolerance, dependence, memory loss, and lack of efficacy in long-termtreatment are among the most common drawbacks of these classes ofcurrently available hypnotics.

Research throughout the past two decades has shown clearly that thebrain serves not only as a communication link and thought-processingorgan, but also as the source of significant chemical activity, as wellas a number of bioactive compounds. Many of these neurotransmittercompounds and ions are secreted following chemical or electricalstimuli. Research has also shown that some of these neuroactivecompounds are involved in the regulation of sleep and wake cycles(Koella, "The Organization and Regulation of Sleep," Experientia, 1984;40(4): 309-408).

During the 1970s, Adey and his group demonstrated that weakelectromagnetic fields, modulated at certain well-defined lowfrequencies, were able to modify the release of ions (calcium) andneurotransmitters (GABA) in the brain (Kaczmarek and Adey, "The Eflux of⁴⁵ Ca²⁺ and [³ H]y-aminobutyric Acid from Cat Cerebral Cortex," BrainResearch, 1973; 63:331-342; Kaczmarek and Adey, "Weak ElectronicGradients Change Ionic and Transmitter Fluxes in Cortex," BrainResearch, 1974; 66:537-540; Bawin et al., "Ionic Factors in Release of⁴⁵ Ca²⁺ From Chicken Cerebral Tissue by Electromagnetic Fields,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 1978; 75(12):6314-6318).In these experiments the cortex of anaesthetized cats was initiallyincubated with radio-labeled calcium and radio-labeled GABA. When thecortex was exposed to continuous stimulation by weak electric fieldsmodulated at 200 Hz, the researchers found a 1.29-fold increase in Ca++and a 1.21-fold increase in GABA release (Kaczmarek and Adey, BrainResearch, 1973; 63:331-342). Interestingly, the release of GABA happenedin parallel with the release of Ca++, suggesting that the two phenomenaare closely linked. The findings of increased Ca++ release from braintissue upon stimulation with modulated electromagnetic fields have beenreplicated (Dutta et al., "Microwave Radiation Induced Calcium IonsEffused from Human Neuroblastoma Cells in Culture," Bioelectromagnetics,1984; 5(1):71-78; and Blackman et al., "Influence of ElectromagneticFields on the Efflux of Calcium Ions from Brain Tissue in Vitro,"Bioelectromagnetics, 1988; 9:215-227). It now has become an establishedfact that weak electric fields modulated at certain low frequencies areable to modulate the release of Ca++ and GABA.

During 1983, it was discovered that weak electromagnetic fields,modulated at low frequencies and delivered by means of an antenna placedin the buccal cavity, caused changes in EEG readings in humanvolunteers. In agreement with the findings of Adey and Blackman, it wasfound that only certain well-defined low frequency modulations of astandard carrier frequency (27 MHz), emitted with a well-definedintensity, were capable of eliciting EEG changes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has rendered feasible an entirely new approach totreatment of a patient described in our said earlier patents whileavoiding the above-noted drawbacks.

The present invention contemplates provision in the system (apparatus)of an interface for an application storage device, which applicationstorage device can comprise storage media, such as, magnetic storagemedia, semiconductor memory storage media, optical memory storage media,or mechanical storage media. The selected storage media is programmed tocarry various control information. Other information which may be storedin the storage media includes duration control information which wouldcontrol the duration of the low energy electromagnetic emission andhence the duration of the application of the emission to the patient.Further control information can include duty cycle control informationwhich would control the emissions, for example, in such a fashion thatthe low energy emission is alternately discontinued and re-initiated forchosen periods of time. Yet further control information which may beprogrammed into the storage media includes selecting information whichwould select emissions of various different modulation waveforms andfrequencies which emissions can be emitted sequentially, with or withoutpauses between the emissions. Still further control information that maybe programmed into the storage media includes power level controlinformation.

In one embodiment of the invention, the system includes a microprocessorinto which is loaded control information from the application storagedevice. The microprocessor then controls the function of the system toproduce the desired therapeutic emission.

Another embodiment of the present invention contemplates that theapplication storage device would be combined into a single unit, andwould be connected to the system through an interface in order tocontrol the system.

In either of these embodiments, the present invention contemplates thatthe interface may include a communications channel such as, for example,a radio frequency link or telephone line, which connects the applicationstorage device to the rest of the system.

The present invention also contemplates provision in the system of animpedance transformer connected intermediate the emitter of low energyelectromagnetic emissions and a probe for applying the emissions to thepatient, which impedance transformer substantially matches the impedanceof the patient seen from the emitter circuit with the impedance of theoutput of the emitter circuit.

Another aspect of the present invention is the provision of a powerreflectance detector which detects an amount of power applied to apatient and compares that amount to an amount of power emitted by thesystem. The power detector permits the monitoring of patient compliancewith the prescribed treatment. Such patient treatment complianceinformation may be stored on the application storage device for laterretrieval and analysis. For example, the power detector may be used todetect the number of treatments applied to a particular patient, and theelapsed time for each treatment. Further, the actual time of day of eachtreatment may also be recorded, as may the number of attemptedtreatments.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent to those of skill in this art with reference to theappended drawings and following details description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a system for applying modulated low energy electromagneticemission to a patient, in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the circuitry of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a detailed schematic of the modulation signal generator of thecircuit of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic of the modulation signal buffer and thecarrier oscillator circuit used in the circuit of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a detailed schematic of the AM modulation and power generatorand output filter of the circuit of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic of the impedance transformer of thecircuit of FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 is a detailed schematic of the emission sensor circuit of thecircuit of FIG. 2.

FIG. 8 is a detailed schematic of the output power sensor circuit usedin the circuit of FIG. 2.

FIG. 9 is a detailed schematic of the display module used in the circuitof FIG. 2.

FIG. 10 is a detailed schematic of the power supply circuit used in thecircuit of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 11a-e are flow charts of the method of operation of the system ofFIG. 1 and 2, in accordance with the present invention.

FIGS. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are examples of an application storagedevice for use with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, presented is a modulated low energy electromagneticemission application system 11, in accordance with the presentinvention. As presented in prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,649,935 and 4,765,322,such a system has proven useful in the practice of Low Energy EmissionTherapy (LEET, a trademark of the assignee of the present application),which involves application of emissions of low energy radio frequency(RF) electromagnetic waves and which has proven an effective mode oftreating a patient suffering from central nervous system (CNS) disorderssuch as, for example, generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorders,sleep disorders including insomnia, psychiatric disorders such asdepression, obsessive compulsive disorders, disorders resulting fromsubstance abuse, sociopathy, post traumatic stress disorders or otherdisorders of the central nervous system. The system includes a probe ormouthpiece 13 which is inserted into the mouth of a patient undertreatment. Probe 13 is connected to an electromagnetic energy emitter(see also FIG. 2), through coaxial cable 12 and impedance matchingtransformer 14. Although probe 13 is illustrated as a mouthpiece, anyprobe that is adapted to be applied to any mucosa may be used. Forexample, oral, nasal, optical, urethral, anal, and/or vaginal probes maybe used without departing from the scope of the invention. Probessituated closer to the brain, for example endonasal or oral probes, arepresently preferred.

Application system 11 also includes an interface 16 which is adapted toreceive an application storage device 52 such as, for example, magneticmedia, semiconductor media, optical media or mechanically encoded media,which is programmed with control information used to control theoperation of system 11 to apply the desired type of low energy emissiontherapy to the patient under treatment.

As presented in more detail below, application storage device 52 can beprovided with a microprocessor which, when applied to interface 16,operates to control the function of system 11 to apply the desired lowenergy emission therapy. Alternatively, application storage device 52can be provided with a microprocessor which is used in combination withmicroprocessor 21 within system 11. In, such case, the microprocessorwithin device 52 could assist in the interfacing of storage device 52with system 11, or could provide security checking functions.

System 11 also includes a display 17 which can display variousindications of the operation of system 11. In addition, system 11includes on and off power buttons 18 and 19.

It will be understood that configurations of application system 11 otherthan that presented in FIG. 1, may be used without departing from thespirit and scope of the present invention.

Referring now to FIG. 2, presented is a block diagram of the electroniccircuitry of application system 11, in accordance with the presentinvention. Microprocessor 21 operates as the controller for applicationsystem 11, and is connected to control the various components of thesystem 11 through address bus 22, data bus 23 and I/O lines 25.

Microprocessor 21 preferably includes internal storage for the operationcode, control program, and temporary data. In addition, microprocessor21 includes input/output ports and internal timers. Microprocessor 21may be, for example, an 8-bit single-chip micro-controller, 8048 or 8051available from Intel Corporation

The timing for microprocessor 21 is provided by system clock 24 whichincludes a clock crystal 26 along with capacitors 27 and 28. Systemclock 24 may run at any clock frequency suitable for the particular typeof microprocessor used. In accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention, system clock 24 operates at a clock frequency of 8.0 MHz.

The operating program for microprocessor 21 is presented below in flowchart form with reference to FIGS. 11a-d. In general, microprocessor 21functions to control controllable electromagnetic energy generatorcircuit 29 to produce a desired form of modulated low energyelectromagnetic emission for application to a patient through probe 13.

Controllable generator circuit 29 includes modulation frequencygenerator circuit 31 and carrier signal oscillator 32. Microprocessor 21operates to activate or de-activate controllable generator circuit 29through oscillator disable line 33, as described below in more detail.Controllable generator circuit 29 also includes an AM modulator andpower generator 34 which operates to amplitude modulate a carrier signalproduced by carrier oscillator 32 on carrier signal line 36, with amodulation signal produced by modulation signal generator circuit 31 onmodulation signal line 37.

Modulator 34 produces an amplitude modulated carrier signal on modulatedcarrier signal line 38, which is then applied to the filter circuit 39.The filter circuit 39 is connected to probe 13 via coaxial cable 12 andimpedance transformer 14.

Microprocessor 21 controls modulation signal generator circuit 31 ofcontrollable generator circuit 29 through address bus 22, data bus 23and I/O lines 25. In particular, microprocessor 21 selects the desiredwaveform stored in modulation waveform storage device 43 via I/O lines25. Microprocessor 21 also controls waveform address generator 41 toproduce on waveform address bus 42 a sequence of addresses which areapplied to modulation signal storage device 43 in order to retrieve theselected modulation signal. The desired modulation signal is retrievedfrom modulation signal storage device 43 and applied to modulationsignal bus 44 in digital form. Modulation signal bus 44 is applied todigital to analog converter (DAC) 46 which converts the digitalmodulation signal into analog form. This analog modulation signal isthen applied to selective filter 47 which, under control ofmicroprocessor 21, filters the analog modulation signal by use of avariable filter network including resistor 48 and capacitors 49 and 51in order to smooth the wave form produced by DAC 46 on modulation signalline 20.

In the present embodiment, the various modulation signal wave forms arestored in modulation signal storage device 43. With a 2 kilobyte memory,storage device 43 can contain up to 8 different modulation signal waveforms. Wave forms that have been successfully employed include squarewave forms or sinusoidal wave forms. Other possible modulation signalwave forms include rectified sinusoidal, triangular, and combinations ofall of the above.

In the present embodiment, each modulation signal wave form uses 256bytes of memory and is retrieved from modulation signal storage device43 by running through the 256 consecutive addresses. The frequency ofthe modulation signal is controlled by how fast the wave form isretrieved from modulation signal storage device 43. In accordance withthe present embodiment, this is accomplished by downloading a controlcode from microprocessor 21 into programmable counters contained withinwave form address generator 41. The output of the programmable countersthen drives a ripple counter that generates the sequence of 8-bitaddresses on the wave form address bus 42.

Wave form address generator 41 may be, for example, a programmabletimer/counter uPD65042C, available from NEC. Modulation signal storagedevice 43 may be, for example, a type 28C16 Electrical ErasableProgrammable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) programmed with the desired waveform table. Digital to analog converter 46 may be, for example, a DACport, AD557JN available from Analog Devices, and selective filter 47 maybe a type 4052 multiplexer, available from National Semiconductor orHarris Semiconductor.

The particular modulation control information used by microprocessor 21to control the operation of controllable generator circuit 29, inaccordance 7ith the present invention, is stored in application storagedevice 52. As presented below in more detail with reference to FIGS. 12,13, 14 and 15, application storage device 52 may be any storage devicecapable of storing information for later retrieval. For example,application storage device 52 may be, for example, a magnetic mediabased storage device such as a card, tape, disk, or drum. Alternatively,application storage device 52 may be a semiconductor memory-basedstorage device such as an erasable programmable read only memory(EPROM), an electrical erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)or a non-volatile random access memory (RAM). Another alternative forapplication storage device 52 is a mechanical information storage devicesuch as a punched card, cam, or the like. Yet another alternative forapplication storage device 52 is an optical storage device such as acompact disk read only memory (CD ROM).

It should be emphasized that although the figures illustratemicroprocessor 21 separate from application storage device 52,microprocessor 21 and application storage device 52 may both beincorporated into a single device, which is loaded into system 11 tocontrol the operation of system 11 as described herein. In this case,interface 16 would exist between the combination of microprocessor 21and application storage device 52 and the rest of system 11.

Interface 16 is configured as appropriate for the particular applicationstorage device 52 in use. Interface 16 translates the controlinformation stored in application storage device 52 into, a usable formfor storage within the memory of microprocessor 21 to enable,microprocessor 21 to control controllable generator circuit 29 toproduce the desired modulated low energy emission.

Interface 16 may directly read the information stored on applicationstorage device 52, or it may read the information through use of variousknown communications links. For example, radio frequency, microwave,telephone or optical based communications links may be used to transferinformation between interface 16 and application storage device 52.

When application storage device 52 and microprocessor 21 areincorporated in the same device, interface 16 is configured to connectmicroprocessor 21 to the rest of system 11.

The control information stored in application storage device 52specifies various controllable parameters of the modulated low energy RFelectromagnetic emission which is applied to a patient through probe 13.Such controllable parameters include, for example, the frequency andamplitude of the carrier, the amplitudes and frequencies of themodulation of the carrier, the duration of the emission, the power levelof the emission, the duty cycle of the emission (i.e., the ratio of ontime to off time of pulsed emissions applied during an application), thesequence of application of different modulation frequencies for aparticular application, and the total number of treatments and durationof each treatment prescribed for a particular patient.

For example, the carrier signal and modulation signal may be selected todrive the probe 13 with an amplitude modulated signal in which thecarrier signal includes spectral frequency components below 1 GHz, andpreferably between 1 MHz and 900 Mhz, and in which the modulation signalcomprises spectral frequency components between 0.1 Hz and 10 KHz, andpreferably between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz. In accordance with the presentinvention, one or more modulation frequencies may be sequenced to formthe modulation signal.

As an additional feature, an electromagnetic emission sensor 53 may beprovided to detect the presence of electromagnetic emissions at thefrequency of the carrier oscillator 32. Emission sensor 53 provides tomicroprocessor 21 an indication of whether or not electromagneticemission at the desired frequency are present. As described below inmore detail, microprocessor 21 then takes appropriate action, forexample, displaying an error message on display 17, disablingcontrollable generator circuit 29, or the like.

The invention also includes a power sensor 54 which detects the amountof power applied to the patient through probe 13 compared to the amountof power returned or reflected from the patient. This ratio isindicative of the proper use of the system during a therapeutic session.Power sensor 54 applies to microprocessor 21 through power sense line 56an indication of the amount of power applied to patient through probe 13relative to the amount of power reflected from the patient.

The indication provided on power sense line 56 may be digitized and usedby microprocessor 21, for example, to detect and control a level ofapplied power, and to record on application storage device 52information related to the actual treatments applied. Such informationmay then be used by a physician or other clinician to assess patienttreatment compliance and effect. Such treatment information may include,for example: the number of treatments applied for a given time period;the actual time and date of each treatment; the number of attemptedtreatments; the treatment compliance (i.e., whether the probe was inplace or not in place during the treatment session); and the cumulativedose of a particular modulation frequency.

The level of power applied is preferably controlled to cause thespecific absorption rate (SAR) of energy absorbed by the patient to befrom 1 microWatt per kilogram of tissue to 50 Watts per kilogram oftissue. Preferably, the power level is controlled to cause an SAR offrom 100 microWatts per kilogram of tissue to 10 Watts per kilogram oftissue. Most preferably, the power level is controlled to cause an SARof from 1 milliWatt per kilogram of tissue to 100 milliWatts perkilogram of tissue. These SARs may be in any tissue of the patient, butare preferably in the tissue of the central nervous system.

System 11 also includes powering circuitry including battery and chargercircuit 57 and battery voltage change detector 58.

FIGS. 3-10 present in more detail various components of the system ofFIG. 2.

Referring first to FIG. 3, presented is a detailed schematic ofcontrollable modulation frequency generator 31. Modulation frequencygenerator 31 includes wave form address generator 41, modulation signalstorage device 43, digital to analog converter 46 and a selective filternetwork 47.

Microprocessor 21 controls extended I/O lines 45 and selects the desiredwave form from wave form storage device 43. Microprocessor 21 thendownloads the control information to the wave form address generator 41which in turn generates a sequence of the wave form addresses. Thesequence of addresses are then applied to the modulation signal storagedevice 43 through address bus 42. The desired modulation signal is thenretrieved from the storage device 43 and appears on signal bus 44 indigital form. After a digital to analog conversion by the digital toanalog converter 46, the modulation signal is filtered and is outputonto the modulation signal line 20.

The frequency of the modulation signal is determined by the rate atwhich the sequence of wave form addresses is generated. The type ofmodulation signal is selected by microprocessor 21 via extended I/Olines 45 and the filtering network is selected via I/O line 50.

Referring now to FIG. 4, presented is a detailed schematic of themodulation signal buffer amplifier 35 and the carrier frequencyoscillator circuit 32.

The modulation signal buffer amplifier 35 is basically a non-invertingamplifier in discrete form. The amplifier buffers the modulation signal20 from the selective filter 47 and provides necessary modulation signalamplitude and current drive to the AM modulator and power generatorcircuit 34. The output stage is designed in such a way that the outputsignal 37 achieves a rail-to-rail voltage swing. The output of themodulation signal buffer appears on signal line 37.

It should be noted that although the disclosed embodiment contemplatesthat the gain of modulation signal buffer amplifier 35 is substantiallyconstant, the invention also contemplates use of a variable gainamplifier that is controlled by microprocessor 21 in order to vary themagnitude of the modulation signal on line 37, thus permittingprogrammable control of the level of power applied.

The carrier oscillator 32 is constructed around carrier oscillatorcrystal 59. In one embodiment, carrier oscillator 32 produces a RadioFrequency (RF) carrier frequency of 27 MHz. Other embodiments of theinvention contemplate RF carrier frequencies of 48 MHz, 450 MHz or 900MHz. In general, the RF carrier frequency produced by carrier oscillator32 has spectral frequency components less than 1 GHz and preferablybetween 1 MHz and 900 MHz. It should also be noted that while thedisclosed embodiment contemplates that once set, the carrier oscillatorfrequency remains substantially constant, the present invention alsocontemplates that carrier frequency produced by carrier oscillator 32 isvariable and controllable by microprocessor 21 by use of controlinformation stored on application storage device 52. This would beaccomplished, for example, by use of high frequency oscillator, theoutput of which is conditioned by a controllable clock divider circuitto produce a controlled carrier frequency signal.

Carrier oscillator 32 produces on carrier signal line 36 a carriersignal which is to be modulated by the modulation signal carried onsignal line 37.

Oscillator disable line 33 is applied to NAND gate 61, the output ofwhich is applied to NAND gate 62. This configuration allowsmicroprocessor 21 to disable both modulation signal buffer 35 andcarrier oscillator 32 by applying an appropriate disable signal tooscillator disable line 33.

FIG. 5 presents a detailed schematic of the AM modulator and powergenerator 34 and the output filter 39. The AM modulator is made up oftwo transistors 66 and 67 connected in parallel and operated inzero-crossing switching mode. The carrier signal 36 is applied at thebases of the transistors 66 and 67 through NAND gates 63 and 64, and themodulation signal 37 is applied to the collectors of transistors 66 and67 through inductors 68 and 69. The net result is the modulated carrierthat appears at the collectors of the transistors 66 and 67.

The output power is generated by a single-ended tuned resonantconverters configured by three pairs of inductors and capacitors, 70, 71and 72. LC resonant circuits 70, 71 and 72 are tuned to provide therequired output power and are optimized to the maximum efficiency of theconverter.

The output of the AM modulator and power generator 34 appears on signalline 38. This modulated signal is applied through output filter network39 to output connector 78. Output filter 39 included three LC filteringstages, 73, 74 and 76.

The first LC filtering stage, 73 is a band-pass and band-notch filterwith pass band centered at 27 MHz and band notch centered at 54 MHz. Theband-notch filter provides additional suppression to the second harmonicof the carrier. The second and third LC filtering stages 74 and 76 areboth band pass filters which have pass band centered at 27 MHz. Thethree stage output filter serves to substantially eliminate the carrierharmonics that result from zero-crossing switching of the AM modulatorcircuit 34.

The output series resistor 77 is used to adjust the output impedance ofthe modulator. It is found from measurement that the output impedance ofthe AM modulator is considerably lower than 50 ohm. The series resistor77 adjusts the output impedance of the circuit is approximately 50 ohms.

FIG. 6 presents the details of the impedance transformer 14. Referringalso to FIGS. 1, 2, and 5, the output of the AM modulator and powergenerator 34 and filter stage 39 is designed to have a 50 Ohm outputimpedance which is chosen to match the 50 Ohm impedance of coaxial cable12. Impedance transformer 14 includes inductor 79 connected betweenprobe 13 and the middle conductor of coaxial cable 12, and a capacitor81 connected between probe 13 and the ground conductor of coaxial cable12.

It has been determined through impedance measurements that when probe 13is applied to the mouth of a patient, the probe/patient combinationexhibits a complex impedance on the order of 150+j200 Ohms. Impedancetransformer 14 serves to match this complex impedance with the 50 Ohmimpedance of coaxial cable 12 and therefore the output impedance of theAM modulator 34 and output filter 39. This promotes power transmission,and minimizes reflections. In one embodiment, inductor 79 is 0.68microHenry, and capacitor 81 is 47 picoFarads.

FIG. 7 presents the detailed schematic of the emission sensor 53 of thepresent invention. Emission sensor 53 includes antenna 82 which iscapable of detecting electromagnetic fields at the frequency of thecarrier oscillator 32. The signal induced by antenna 82 is applied to asimple diode detector formed by diode 83, capacitor 84 and resistor 85.The demodulated low frequency signal is then applied to the base of atransistor 86 operating as a switch. The output is a low level signalline 87 which is connected to microprocessor 21. Emission sensor 53 isused at the beginning of a treatment session to detect whether probe 13is emitting electromagnetic fields of the carrier frequency. If so,microprocessor 21 produces on display 17 an indication that the properelectromagnetic field is being produced.

Emission sensor 53 is also connected to the power supply circuitrythrough EXT DC IN line 115 (see also, FIG. 10). When external dc poweris applied, line 115, which is connected to the base of transistor 86,turns transistor 86 on, thus providing an indication to microprocessor21 that external dc power is applied.

Referring now to FIG. 8, presented is a schematic of the power sensor 54used to sense the ratio of the power applied to the patient throughprobe 13 to the power reflected from the patient. This ratio isindicative of the efficiency of power transfer from the applicationsystem 11 to the patient, and may be used to assess patient treatmentcompliance. Power sensor 54 may also be used to monitor the level ofpower being applied to the patient.

Power sensor 54 includes bi-directional coupler 88 which can be, forexample, a model KDP-243 bi-directional coupler available from SynergyMicrowave Corporation. Bi-directional coupler 88 operates to couple aportion of the energy emitted by application system 11 through outputconnected 78 and carried by coaxial cable 12 into detecting circuits 89and 90.

Output connector 78 is connected to a primary input of bi-directionalcoupler 88 and co-axial cable 12 is connected to a primary output ofbi-directional coupler 88. Bi-directional coupler 88 includes twosecondary outputs, each of which are connected to respective detectingcircuits 89 and 90. Detecting circuit 89 functions to detect the amountof power applied to the patient, and detecting circuit 90 functions todetect the amount of power reflected from the patient. Detecting circuit89 is connected through resistive divider 94 to the positive input ofdifferential amplifier 91. Detecting circuit 90 is connected throughresistive divider 92 to the negative input of differential amplifier 91.The output of differential amplifier 91 is indicative of the differencebetween the power transmitted to the patient by application system 11,and the power reflected from the patient, and thus is indicative of anamount of power absorbed by the patient. The output of differentialamplifier 91 is applied to an analog to digital converter (ADC) orcomparator 93, the output of which connected to microprocessor 21through power sense line 56.

As described in more detail below with reference to the flow chart ofFIGS. 11a-d, microprocessor 21 operates to analyze the signal appearingon power sense line 56 to determine and control the amount of powerapplied to the patient, and to assess patient treatment compliance, andpossibly to record indicia of the patient treatment compliance onapplication storage device 52 for later analysis and assessment by aphysician or other clinician.

FIG. 9 presents a detailed schematic of the information output circuit17. Microprocessor 21 controls the display module 109 of informationoutput circuit 17 via data bus 23 and address bus 22 and controls thesound control circuit 110 by an I/O line 100. The display module 109 maybe an intelligent LED display module PD3535, available from Siemens or aLCD graphics module available from Epson. The sound control circuit 110may be a buzzer as shown in FIG. 9 or it may be an advanced speechsynthesizer.

Referring now to FIG. 10, presented are the details of the power supplycircuit used in the application system 11 of the present invention.

During operation of application system 11, power is derived fromrechargeable battery 95 which may be, for example, a six voltrechargeable Ni--Cd battery, or the like. Battery 95 is connectedthrough relay 99 to relay 98. The coil of relay 98 is powered bytransistor 106 which is controlled by the output of NAND gate 102.

NAND gates 102, 103, 104 and 105 are configured to form a resettablelatch. When on button 18 is depressed, the latch turns on transistor 106which activates the coil of relay 98. When off button 19 is depressed,the latch is reset thus turning transistor 106 off, and removing powerfrom the coil of relay 98. Microprocessor 21 may also reset the latch bypulling low momentarily on the Auto-Off line 107. This helps to saveunnecessary power consumption when the system 11 is being left in anidle state.

When the coil of relay 98 is powered, battery 95 is connected to voltageregulator 97 which provides regulated voltage Vcc which is used to powervarious components of application system 11.

Connector 96 is provided to accommodate an external ac/dc adapter (notshown) which is used to charge battery 95. When an external dc adapteris connected to connector 96, voltage regulator 101 produces a regulatedvoltage which powers the coil of relay 99. This causes battery 95 to bedisconnected from voltage regulator 97, and causes the output of voltageregulator 101 to be connected to the input of voltage regulator 97, thuspermitting application system 11 to be powered by the external dcadapter. An indication of the existence of external dc voltage isapplied to emission sensor 53 (FIG. 7) through EXT DC IN line 115.

If external dc power is connected (determined by emission sensor 53 whenapplication system 11 is initially powered), microprocessor 21 executesthe battery charging control routine, stops controllable generator 29and disables the carrier oscillator 32. It also sends a signal to thebattery charging control 57 and turns on the fast charging circuits. Amessage is displayed on display 17 or on a separate light emitting diodeindicating that the battery is being charged.

During the battery charging routine, microprocessor 21 constantlymonitors the battery voltage from the -dV detector 58 via data bus 23.Once the required -dV is detected, Ni--Cd battery 95 has reached itsfull charge condition, microprocessor switches off the fast chargecircuit and automatically removes power from the system 11. -dV detector58 may be configured, for example, including a MAX166 digital to analogconverter available from Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.

The battery voltage is constantly monitored by the battery voltagemonitor 108. Once the battery voltage drops to a predetermined low level(the voltage level at which the output emission power drops by 3% of thecalibrated value), a signal is provided to microprocessor 21 which inturn stops the emission and provides an error message on the display 17.Battery voltage monitor 108 may be, for example, a voltage supervisoryintegrated circuit available from Texas Instruments or SGS Thompson.

Referring now to FIGS. 11a-d, presented are flow charts of the operationof the application system 11 of FIGS. 1 and 2, in accordance with themethod of the present invention. In practice, the flowcharts of FIGS.11a-d are encoded in an appropriate computer program and loaded into theoperating program storage portion of microprocessor 21 in order to causemicroprocessor 21 to control the function of application system 11.

Referring to FIG. 11a, microprocessor 21 starts execution of the programwhen switch 18 is activated. In block 111, microprocessor 21 initializesthe circuits by stopping the wave form address generator 41, disablingthe carrier oscillator 32 and displaying a welcome message to the useron display module 109.

In block 112, the source of dc power is immediately checked afterinitialization. If an external dc power source is connected, for examplean ac/dc adapter, it is assumed that system 11 should function as aNi--Cd battery charger. Microprocessor 21 passes control to block 113which switches on the fast charge mode of the battery charging control57 and monitors the battery voltage via the -dV detector 58 in thecontrol loop including blocks 111 and 116. Once the Ni--Cd battery 95reaches its full-charged state as detected by -dV detector 58,microprocessor 21 switches off the fast charging current in block 117and automatically switches off system 11 in block 118.

If decision block 112 determines that external dc source is notconnected, system 11 is powered by the internal battery 95. The batteryvoltage monitor 108 monitors the battery voltage at all times andprovides information to microprocessor 21 for use in decision block 119.If the battery level drops to a predetermined low level, microprocessor21 displays an error message on the display 109 in block 121. This is toinform the user to re-charge the battery before using the system again.It also switches off system 11 automatically in block 122 if there is nouser response as determined by timing loop 123.

Referring now to FIG. 11b, after the battery level is checked,microprocessor 21 checks in block 124 if application storage device 52is connected to system 11 via interface 16. If application storagedevice 52 is not connected, microprocessor 21 prompts for theapplication storage device 52 via information on display 109 in block126. The application storage device 52 must be connected within apredetermined time limit as determined by block 127, or microprocessor21 switches system 11 off in block 128.

Once block 124 determines that application storage device 52 is inplace, microprocessor 21 reads an identification code in block 129 andchecks if application storage device 52 is genuine and valid in block131. If not, an error message is displayed in block 132 and system 11 isswitched off after a predetermined time limit.

If a valid application storage device is connected, microprocessor 21reads the control information in block 133 and stores the controlinformation in the internal RAM area. Application information such asthe type of treatment may be displayed on display 17 in block 134 foruser re-confirmation. Microprocessor 21 then pauses and waits in block136 for input from the user to start the application.

The user starts the application by pressing the on switch 18 again.Microprocessor 21 generates a test emission in block 137 by controllingthe controllable generator 29 and prompts the user to check the emissionwith emission sensor 53 in block 138. Microprocessor 21 then checks theemission sensor input for the indicative signal in block 139. If theemission is not detected within a predetermined time limit as determinedby block 142, microprocessor 21 displays a corresponding error messagein block 143 and switches off system 11 in block 144 after apredetermined idle time as determined by block 146.

If the emission is detected within the predetermined time limitdetermined by block 142, control a passes to block 147 wheremicroprocessor 21 executes the application software routine shown indetail in the flowchart of FIG. 11d.

The application software routine takes in the control information,interprets the information and controls the controllable generator 29 togenerate the corresponding modulation wave form, frequency, power level,duration and duty cycle.

Referring to FIG. 11d, microprocessor 21 starts the routine by firstsetting up a total treatment time counter in block 151 which keepstracks of the timing of the actual application. It then gets andinterprets the first block of modulating frequency data in block 152.Then, in block 153 the modulation wave form is selected via extended I/Olines 45 and a suitable filter network is selected via the extended I/Olines 50. Also in block 153, the gain of modulation signal bufferamplifier 35 is adjusted in accordance with the power level controlinformation. In block 154, the modulation frequency is controlled viathe wave form address generator 41. The emission is then enabled bymicroprocessor 21 in block 156.

In decision block 157, the battery is checked using battery voltagemonitor 108 to determine whether the battery level is acceptable. Ifnot, control passes to block 158 where an appropriate error message isdisplayed. Then, system 11 is shut down in block 161 after a delay timedetermined by decision block 159.

If, on the other hand, the battery voltage is acceptable, control passesto decision block 162 where it is determined whether or not applicationstorage device 52 is still inserted in interface 16. If not, controlpasses to decision block 163 where it is determined whether apredetermined time has expired without the presence of applicationstorage device 52. When the time limit expires, control passes to block164 where an appropriate error message is displayed, and eventuallysystem 11 is automatically shut down in block 161.

If, on the other hand, decision block 162 determines that applicationstorage device 52 is present within interface 16, control passes toblock 166 where application storage device 52 is updated with usercompliance information. Control then passes to block 167 where theoutput of power sensor 54 is read. Control then passes to block 168where the output of power sensor 54 is assessed to determine a level ofpower being applied to the patient, and to assess whether or nottreatment is being effectively applied. For example, if sensor 54determines the presence of a large amount of reflected power, thiscondition may possibly be indicative of probe 13 not being properlyconnected or not being properly inserted into the mouth of a patient.

If decision block 168 determines that treatment is not being properlyapplied, control passes to decision block 169 which determines whether apredetermined time limit has been exceeded without detection of propertreatment. If the time limit is exceeded, control passes to block 171where application storage device 52 is updated with informationindicative of non-compliance with the treatment protocol.

If, on the other hand, decision block 168 determines that the treatmentit is being properly applied, control passes to block 172 where it isdetermined whether the end of the particular modulation frequency blockbeing applied has been reached. If not, control returns to decisionblock 157. If, on the other hand, decision block 172 determines that theend of the modulation frequency block presently being applied has beenreached, Control passes to decision block 173 where it is determinedwhether the end of the treatment time has been reached. If so, controlreturns to block 148 (FIG. 11c). If, on the other hand, decision block173 determines that the end of the treatment session has not beenreached, control passes to block 174 where the next frequency block isread from application storage device 52, and control returns to block153 for the continuation of the treatment session.

At the end of the application routine, control is returned and themicroprocessor 21 displays an ending message in block 148 and switchessystem 11 off automatically in block 149.

FIGS. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 present exemplary configurations forapplication storage device 52. It should be understood that otherconfigurations for application storage device 52 are also possible,without departing from the spirit and the scope of the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 12, application storage device 52 may comprise amagnetically encoded card 181 which includes a magnetically recordableportion 182 which stores the above-described control information andpatient treatment compliance information.

Referring to FIG. 13, application storage device 52 may comprise asemiconductor memory 183 which is connected through terminals 184 tointerface 16. Semiconductor memory 183 is used to store the abovedescribed application control information and patient treatmentcompliance information.

Referring now to FIG. 14, application storage device 52 may be in theform of a smart card 186 with the semiconductor hidden behind thecontacts 187. The semiconductor may comprise only the memory with somesecurity control logic, or may also include a stand-alone microprocessorthat assists in communicating with the host microprocessor 21 viainterface 16.

As shown in FIG. 15, application storage device 52 may take the form ofa key-shaped structure 188 including semiconductor memory 189 andmicroprocessor 191 which are operatively connected to electricalterminals 192.

FIG. 16 illustrates application storage device 52 in the form of acompact disk read only memory (CDROM) 193, on which control informationis optically encoded.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 17, application storage device 52 may take theform of a punched card 194, in which control information is tangiblyembodied in a pattern of punched holes 196.

TREATMENT EXAMPLES

The system of the invention for applying a modulated low-energyelectromagnetic emission to a patient, is useful for the treatment of apatient suffering from central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In use ofthe system, the probe for applying the modulated carrier signal to thepatient is connected to the patient, in particular by means of a mouthpiece probe placed in the patient's mouth and the modulated low-energyelectromagnetic emission is applied to the patient through the probe. Atleast two low-energy electromagnetic emissions modulated at differentfrequencies are applied to the patient to achieve beneficial results.Beneficially, several discrete electromagnetic emissions modulated atdifferent frequencies are applied to the patient for a specifictreatment of a CNS disorder. The time of treatment, which relates to theamount of the low-energy electromagnetic emission applied to thepatient, may vary between wide limits depending on the nature of thedisorder being treated and the effect desired. However, in general, thetime of treatment would be at least one minute per day and couldcontinue over several hours per day, but would normally be at most onehour per day. Most preferably, the treatment time is at least tenminutes per day which may be divided up into two or more applicationtimes, e.g., of from five to forty-five minutes per application time.

EXAMPLE I: TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA

One of the specific CNS disorders which has been very satisfactorilytreated with the aid of the system of the invention is sleep disorder,in particular insomnia which is the most important sleep disorder.Clinical insomnia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders (DSM-III-R), from the American Psychiatric Association1987 (DSM-III-R):

"Diagnostic criteria for Insomnia Disorders

A. The predominant complaint is of difficulty in initiating ormaintaining sleep, or of non restorative sleep (sleep that is apparentlyadequate in amount, but leaves the person feeling unrested).

B. The disturbance in A occurs at least three times a week for at leastone month and is sufficiently severe to result in either a complaint ofsignificant daytime fatigue or the observation by others of some symptomthat is attributable to the sleep disturbance, e.g., irritability orimpaired daytime functioning.

C. Occurrence not exclusively during the course of "Sleep-Wake ScheduleDisorder or a Parasomnia."

"Diagnostic criteria for 307.42 Primary Insomnia

Insomnia Disorder, as defined by criteria A, B and C above, thatapparently is not maintained by any other mental disorder or any knownorganic factor, such as a physical disorder, a Psychoactive SubstanceUse Disorder, or a medication."

The frequencies of modulation for the low-energy electromagneticemissions applied to the patient for treating insomnia have been foundto be effective when comprising two or more frequency modulationsselected from the following bandwidths: 1-5 Hz, 21-24 Hz, 40-50 Hz,100-110 Hz, or 175-200 Hz.

A very specific example of a set of low-energy electromagnetic emissionsapplied to a patient suffering from insomnia are modulated at thefollowing frequencies and applied sequentially to the patient for thetimes indicated over a period of 20 minutes per day, three times a weekor every day is as follows:

Protocol P40: about 2.7 Hz for about 6 seconds, followed by about a 1second pause, about 21.9 Hz for about 4 seconds, followed by about a 1second pause, about 42.7 Hz for about 3 seconds, followed by about a 1second pause, about 48.9 Hz for about 3 seconds, followed by about a 1second pause.

A study employing the above protocol P40 set of frequency modulationsand times of application was performed to test the efficacy oflow-energy emission therapy (LEET) in the treatment of insomnia.

EXAMPLE IA: TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA

The primary endpoints of the study were defined as measures of sleep(total sleep time (TST) and sleep latency (SL)) as measured bypolysomnography (PSG). Secondary endpoints (also quantified by PSG)included measures of rapid eye movement (REM), non-REM, number ofawakenings after sleep onset, and wake after sleep onset (WASO).Additional measures of individual responses to treatment were derivedfrom the patients' reports.

METHODS:

The study was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, repeated-measuresstudy performed on a total of thirty subjects. Treatment was providedvia a 12 V battery-powered device in accordance with the presentinvention, emanating the P40 protocol.

Forty-six subjects underwent polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation in orderto yield the thirty subjects who participated in the study. The subjectswho met the PSG criteria were randomized to treatment groups by means ofa coin flip. All 30 subject completed the study. Subjects wereidentified for potential enrollment via television and radioadvertisement.

Each study subject completed a number of rating scales prior to entryinto and throughout the study. These scales included the HamiltonAnxiety Rating Scale (HARS), the Profile of Mood States reported sleeprating scale. The HARS, POMS, and HSCL were obtained during the initialpsychiatric screening prior to entry, on a weekly basis thereafter, andat completion of the study. Daily sleep logs were maintained by patientsthroughout the study. Patients received treatment 3 times per week overthe 4 weeks of the study, and were randomly assigned to either active orinactive treatment groups, under double-blind conditions. Treatment wasperformed with patients in a supine position, resting comfortably on abed in a sleep-recording room with a low level of illumination.

ENTRY CRITERIA:

To qualify for a baseline PSG study, subjects were screened for chronicinsomnia of a non-medical etiology. Patients with active medicalillness, psychiatric diagnoses (DSM-III-R), alcohol/drug addiction, oractive use of benzodiazepines and/or tranquilizers were excluded.

Entry into the study required patients to be suffering from chronicinsomnia (more than six months) and to meet at least 2 of the 3established PSG sleep criteria: sleep latency of greater than 30 minutesduration; total sleep time (TST) of less than 360 minutes per night;sleep efficiency (total sleep time/total recorded time) of less than85%. Subjects were asked to go to bed in the laboratory at their regularbedtime and were allowed to sleep "ad libitum". The study was ended bythe technician only if the time in bed was greater than 8.5 hours andthe subject at that time was lying in bed awake.

STATISTICAL METHODS:

For purposes of statistical analysis, a Student's t-test was performedcomparing the difference in the change scores (post pre) between thetreatment groups. Where appropriate, analyses were adjusted for baselinevalues using linear regression.

RESULTS:

Base Line Evaluation

Of the 30 consenting, eligible patients, 15 were randomly assigned toeach of the treatment groups. In the active treatment group, there were4 men and 11 women (mean age of 39 years). I. the inactive treatmentgroup there were 6 men and 7 women (mean age of 41 years). The mean ageof the subjects did not differ significantly between groups.

At baseline, by definition, all patients met criteria for severeinsomnia. Although the study groups had comparable patient reported TSTdurations at baseline, the placebo group had a significantly longer TSTat baseline when measured by PSG. Both groups had prolonged sleeplatency periods at baseline (>20 mins) as determined by both patientreported and PSG measures. Pre-treatment sleep parameters are summarizedin Table II.

Post-Treatment Evaluation: Interval Changes

All 30 patients completed the trial. In the placebo group, the PSG TSTdecreases slightly at the conclusion of the study, compared withbaseline values (from 337.0±57.2 to 326.0±130.5 TST change of-11.0±122.8, p=0.74). Similarly, the pre- and post-patient reportedmeasures of TST were nearly identical in the placebo group (from269.0±73.6 to 274.3±103.2, TST change of 5±122, p=0.87). In contrast,the PSG measured TST increased in the active group by nearly 90 minutes(from 265.9±67.5 to 355.8±103.5, TST increase of 89.9±93.9, p=0.002).This finding is consistent with the patient reported improvementreported by the active treatment group (from 221.7±112.3 to 304.0±144.7,TST increase of 82.3±169.0 minutes, p=0.08).

Also worth noting is that, while the proportion of REM sleep in theplacebo group increased only slightly from 17.3 to 18.7% of total sleeptime, in the active group, it increased from 16.3 to 20.9% of the totalsleep time. The patient reported measure of sleep latency improved bymore than 50% in the active treatment group during the study (from145.8±133.2 to 70.7±67.9, p=0.03) while sleep latency increased slightlyin the placebo group during the study period (from 71.3±41.2 to82.8±84.8, p-0.58).

SIDE EFFECTS:

Side effects are summarized in Table I. One patient in the activetreatment group reported increased dreaming. No other side effects werereported.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                        SIDE EFFECTS                                                                  Side Effect           Active  Placebo                                         ______________________________________                                        Mild Headache         0       0                                               Average Headache      0       0                                               Tingling Sensation    0       0                                               Worsening of Sleep    0       0                                               Nausea                0       0                                               Uncomfortable sensation in mouth                                                                    0       0                                               Fatigue               0       0                                               Fever                 0       0                                               Increased Dreaming    1 (3%)  0                                               Metallic Taste        0       0                                               Dizziness             0       0                                               Lightheadedness       0       0                                               ______________________________________                                    

CONCLUSIONS:

Subjects enrolled in this study demonstrated severely disturbed sleepcriteria by both patient reported and PSG measures. The active treatmentgroup exhibited an improvement of 34% in PSG TST, while the placebogroup demonstrated a 3% decrease in PSG TST. The significant differencein TST changes between groups from baseline was not explained solely bythe significantly different baseline TST of the active and placebogroups. Adding the baseline TST in a regression model using treatment asa predictor did not adequately account for the difference in TST betweenthe treatment groups.

Patient reported measurements confirmed the PSG findings, with a 37%improvement in the active group TST compared with a 2% improvements inthe control group. Other PSG and patient reported measures of sleepindicated consistently greater improvement in the active group comparedwith the placebo group. Those results indicate that LEET therapy (usingthe P40 program) on an every-other-day basis, successfully treatsinsomnia by both lengthening the total duration of sleep and shorteningsleep latency. Furthermore, patients felt that their sleep patterns wereimproved. Post-treatment sleep parameters are summarized in Table III.

                  TABLE II                                                        ______________________________________                                        PRE-TREATMENT SLEEP PARAMETERS                                                Values shown represent mean ± standard deviation.                          Measurements are derived from 1 night PSG obtained prior to                   initiation of therapy.                                                        PSG REPORT OF SLEEP:                                                          PSG ANALYSIS                                                                  N = 15 per group                                                                           Active     Placebo    p = Value                                  ______________________________________                                        Total Sleep Time                                                                           265.9 ± 67.5                                                                          337.0 ± 67.2                                                                          0.004                                      (mins.)                                                                       Sleep Latency (mins.)                                                                       63.9 ± 64.1                                                                           46.6 ± 45.3                                                                          0.400                                      ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE III                                                       ______________________________________                                        POST-TREATMENT SLEEP PARAMETERS                                               Values shown represent mean ± standard deviation.                          Interval changes are reported as PSG data obtained at the end of              the study (day 28) - PSG data obtained prior to the initiation of             treatment.                                                                    ______________________________________                                        PSG POST-TREATMENT SLEEP                                                      PARAMETERS                                                                    (1 Month)                                                                     N = 15 per group                                                                        Active      Placebo      p = Value                                  ______________________________________                                        Total Sleep                                                                             355.8 ± 103.5                                                                          326.0 ± 130.5                                                                           0.494                                      Time (mins.)                                                                  Change TST                                                                              99.9 ± 93.9                                                                             -11.0 ± 4122.8                                                                         0.017                                      (mins)                                                                        Sleep Latency                                                                           23.1 ± 12.8                                                                            27.0 ± 18.9                                                                             0.520                                      (mins)                                                                        Change SL -40.8 ± 57.8                                                                           -19.8 ± 37.9                                                                            0.250                                      (mins)                                                                        ______________________________________                                        PATIENT REPORTS OF SLEEP:                                                     SLEEP LATENCY (mins)                                                          N = 15 per group                                                                          Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        145.8   70.7     -75.0  0.307                                     Standard Deviation                                                                        133.2   67.9     121.0                                            Control                                                                       Mean        71.3    62.8     11.5   0.5813                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        41.2    84.8     78.9                                             p = value   0.055   0.670    0.028                                            ______________________________________                                        PATIENT REPORTS OF SLEEP:                                                     TOTAL SLEEP TIME (mins)                                                       N = 15 per group                                                                          Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        221.7   304.0    82.3   0.0804                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        112.3   144.7    169.2                                            Control                                                                       Mean        269.0   274.3    5.3    0.8683                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        73.6    103.2    122.3                                            p = value   0.183   0.523    0.164                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE IB: TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA

Another double blind, patient-reported study was also designed to testthe efficiency of low-energy emission therapy (LEET) in the treatment ofinsomnia of non-medical etiology.

The primary PSG of the study was to detect differences between thetreatment groups in perceived sleep measures (total sleep time and sleeplatency), as reported by the subjects.

METHODS:

The study was preformed on a total of 30 subjects. Treatment wasprovided using the device of the present invention with the P40 protocolpowered by a 12-volt battery. All patients completed all phases of thestudy. In the inactive treatment group there were 8 males and 7 females(mean age of 40 years). In the active treatment group there were 6 malesand 9 females (mean age of 39 years). There were no significantdifferences in age between the active treatment and inactive treatmentpopulations.

Each study subject completed a number of rating scales prior to entryinto and throughout the study. These scales included the HamiltonAnxiety Rating Scale (HARS), the Profile of Mood States (POMS), theHopkins Symptom Check List (HSCL), and a patient reported sleep ratingscale. The HARS, POMAS, and HSCL were obtained during the initialpsychiatric screening prior to entry, on a weekly basis thereafter, andat completion of the study. Daily patient reported sleep rating scaleswere maintained by patients throughout the study. Patients receivedtreatment 3 times per week over the 4 weeks of the study and wererandomly assigned to either active or inactive treatment groups, underdouble-blind conditions. Treatment was performed with patients in asupine position, resting comfortably on a bed in a sleep-recording roomwith a low level of illumination. Subjects continued to record sleep logdata for two weeks after discontinuation of treatment.

ENTRY CRITERIA:

Patients between 20 and 50 years of age were recruited into the study.Entry into the study required patients to meet at least 2 of the 3established sleep criteria: patient reported sleep latency of greaterthan 30 minutes; patient reported total sleep time of less than 360minutes; and patient reported sleek efficiency of less than 85%(calculated as TST/total time in bed). Patients with active medicalillnesses, psychiatric illnesses (according to DSM-III-R), drug oralcohol dependence were excluded.

STATISTICAL METHODS:

For the purposes of statistical analysis, a Student's t-test wasperformed comparing the difference of the change scores (post-pre)between each of the treatment groups.

RESULTS:

Throughout the course of the study, subjects were asked to estimatetheir total sleep time and sleep latency. A comparison was made betweenthe patient reported sleep latency and the patient reported total sleeptime at the time of the telephone interview, and the patient reportedsleep latency and patient reported total sleep time obtained in themorning following the last night of treatment. A highly significantdifference was seen for total sleep time (two-sided p=0.0021), with amore than threefold increase in the active group compared with theplacebo group. The active treatment group also exhibited a >50% decreasein sleep latency as compared with the baseline. Patient reports of sleepare summarized in Table IV.

                  TABLE IV                                                        ______________________________________                                        PATIENT REPORTS OF SLEEP:                                                     SLEEP LATENCY AND TOTAL SLEEP TIME FOR STUDY                                  ______________________________________                                        PATIENT REPORTED DATA:                                                        SLEEP LATENCY (mins)                                                          N = 15 per group                                                                          Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        53.8    25.1     -28.7  0.0778                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        54.7    25.2     58.4                                             Control                                                                       Mean        70.0    58.53    -11.5  0.5710                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        67.0    71.0     77.0                                             p = value   0.474   0.105    0.498                                            ______________________________________                                        PATIENT REPORTED DATA:                                                        TOTAL SLEEP TIME (mins)                                                       N = 15 per group                                                                          Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        238.0   401.0    163.0  0.0001                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        58.3    80.8     87.0                                             Control                                                                       Mean        264.0   315.5    51.5   0.0498                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        81.9    112.2    93.0                                             p = value   0.325   0.024    0.002                                            ______________________________________                                    

No statistically significant differences were seen between the twogroups for any other measured parameter. There was no first or secondnight rebound insomnia as assessed by changes in either total sleep timeor sleep latency. Furthermore, there is no evidence of rebound effectduring the two weeks following discontinuation of treatment. Reboundinsomnia analyses are summarized in Table V.

                  TABLE V                                                         ______________________________________                                        REBOUND INSOMNIA ANALYSIS FOR STUDY                                           ______________________________________                                        FIRST DAY REBOUND INSOMNIA                                                    ANALYSIS OF STUDY                                                             PRE = DAY 26                                                                  POST = 27                                                                     TOTAL SLEEP TIME (min)                                                        N = 15 Per Group                                                              N = 15 Control                                                                            Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        401.0   371.8    -27.9  0.17                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        80.8    118.8    71.1                                             Control                                                                       Mean        315.5   330.7    15.1   0.51                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        112.2   110.3    86.3                                             p = value   0.024   0.34     0.16                                             ______________________________________                                        FIRST DAY REBOUND INSOMNIA                                                    ANALYSIS OF STUDY                                                             PRE = DAY 26                                                                  POST = 27                                                                     TOTAL SLEEP TIME (min)                                                        N = 15 Per Group                                                              N = 15 Control                                                                            Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        25.1    32.5     5.7    0.15                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        25.1    32.1     13.8                                             Control                                                                       Mean        58.5    51.2     -7.3   0.72                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        71.1    52.6     76.1                                             p = value   0.01    0.26     0.53                                             ______________________________________                                         *N = 14 for Active Day 27                                                    SECOND DAY REBOUND INSOMNIA                                                   ANALYSIS OF STUDY                                                             PRE = DAY 26                                                                  POST = 28                                                                     TOTAL SLEEP TIME (min)                                                        N = 15 Per Group                                                              N = 15 Control                                                                            Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        401.0   355.7    -43.9  0.086                                     Standard Deviation                                                                        80.8    103.6    88.4                                             Control                                                                       Mean        315.5   320.5    5.0    0.85                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        112.2   100.5    99.1                                             p = value   0.024   0.36     0.17                                             ______________________________________                                        SECOND DAY REBOUND INSOMNIA                                                   ANALYSIS OF STUDY                                                             PRE = DAY 26                                                                  POST = 28                                                                     TOTAL SLEEP TIME (min)                                                        N = 15 Per Group                                                              N = 15 Control                                                                            Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        25.1    41.4     14.6   0.098                                     Standard Deviation                                                                        25.1    39.8     30.8                                             Control                                                                       Mean        59.5    75.25    16.7   0.44                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        71.1    82.4     81.7                                             p = value   0.10    0.17     0.93                                             ______________________________________                                         N = 14 for Active Day 28                                                     REBOUND INSOMNIA ANALYSIS OF STUDY                                            PRE = DAY 26                                                                  POST = DAY 40                                                                 TOTAL SLEEP TIME (min)                                                        N = 15 Active                                                                 N = 15 Control                                                                            Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        401.0   342.9    -56.8  0.0094                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        80.8    91.0     69.7                                             Control                                                                       Mean        315.5   323.7    8.1    0.68                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        112.2   79.0     74.4                                             p = value   0.024   0.55     0.02                                             ______________________________________                                        REBOUND INSOMNIA ANALYSIS OF STUDY                                            PRE = DAY 26                                                                  POST = DAY 40                                                                 TOTAL SLEEP TIME (min)                                                        N = 15 Active                                                                 N = 15 Control                                                                            Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        25.1    32.0     5.2    0.55                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        25.1    41.9     32.1                                             Control                                                                       Mean        58.6    32.0     -26.5  0.11                                      Standard Deviation                                                                        71.1    28.9     59.9                                             p = value   0.10    1.00     0.087                                            ______________________________________                                         N = 14 for Active Day 40                                                 

SIDE EFFECTS:

Side effects for the study are summarized in Table VI.

                  TABLE VI                                                        ______________________________________                                        SIDE EFFECTS DATA FOR STUDY                                                   (N = 30)                                                                      Side Effect           Active  Placebo                                         ______________________________________                                        Mild Headache         0       1 (3%)                                          Average Headache      1 (3%)  0                                               Tingling Sensation    0       0                                               Worsening of Sleep    0       0                                               Nausea                0       1 (3%)                                          Uncomfortable sensation in mouth                                                                    0       0                                               Fatigue               0       0                                               Fever                 0       0                                               Increased Dreaming    2 (6%)  0                                               Metallic Taste        0       0                                               Dizziness             0       0                                               Lightheadedness       0       1 (3%)                                          ______________________________________                                    

CONCLUSIONS:

Treatment with LEET using a battery powered system is highly effectivein the treatment of insomnia, based on patient reported measurement oftotal sleep time.

PATIENT REPORTS OF SLEEP: Combined meta-analysis for the above twoinsomnia studies.

A meta-analysis of the patients' reports of sleep from the two studiesis provided in Table VII. These studies were identical in terms ofinclusion and exclusion criteria and study design (4-week,double-blinded, placebo-controlled). This analysis, performed on datafrom 60 patients (30 per group) demonstrates a 52 minute decrease insleep latency, in the active group versus no change in the inactivegroup (p=0.025). Total sleep time increased by 128 minutes in the activegroup versus 28 minutes in the placebo (p=0.005).

                  TABLE VII                                                       ______________________________________                                        PATIENT REPORTS OF SLEEP:                                                     SLEEP LATENCY AND TOTAL SLEEP TIME FOR                                        the Above Two Insomnia Studies                                                ______________________________________                                        PATIENT RESPONSE DATA:                                                        SLEEP LATENCY (mins)                                                          N = 30 Active                                                                             Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        99.8    47.9     -51.9  0.0062                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        110.4   55.4     96.2                                             Control                                                                       Mean        70.7    70.7     0.0    0.9991                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        54.6    77.9     77.5                                             p = value   0.203   0.199    0.025                                            ______________________________________                                        PATIENT RESPONSE DATA:                                                        TOTAL SLEEP TIME (mins)                                                       N = 30 Active                                                                             Pre     Post     Change p = Value                                 ______________________________________                                        Active                                                                        Mean        229.8   352.5    122.7  0.0001                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        88.3    125.3    138.4                                            Control                                                                       Mean        266.5   294.9    28.4   0.1648                                    Standard Deviation                                                                        76.8    108.0    109.3                                            p = value   0.091   0.062    0.005                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE II: TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER AND PANIC ATTACKS

As discussed above, several discreet electromagnetic emissions modulatedat different frequencies are applied to a patient for a specifictreatment of a CNS disorder. Based on the statistically significantimprovements in total sleep time and sleep latency reported above, alow-energy emission therapy (LEET) program has been developed for afurther CNS disorder, more closely defined as generalized anxietydisorders and panic attacks. For this indication, it has been determinedthat frequency modulations of the low-energy electromagnetic emissionsshould be within the following bandwidths: 1-5 Hz, 14-17 Hz, 40-50 Hz,and 175-200 Hz. More specifically, a variety of discreet modulations areselected from the above bandwidths and are applied for different times,one specific example comprising: about 1.4 Hz for about 40 seconds,about 2.8 Hz for about 20 seconds, about 3.4 Hz for about 15 seconds,and a separate group comprising: about 3.4 Hz for about 15 seconds,about 14.6 Hz for about 4 seconds, about 42.7 Hz for about 2 seconds,about 48.9 Hz for about 2 seconds, and about 189.7 Hz for about 1second.

For example, the first group of frequencies mentioned may be applied tothe patient sequentially for a period of about 15 minutes during themorning of each day of treatment, and the second group of frequenciesmay be applied to the patient sequentially for a period of about 30minutes in the evening of each day of treatment.

Results obtained in treating patients suffering from anxiety andemploying the above dosage criteria are reported below.

METHODS:

Subjects were recruited. After obtaining informed consent, subjects wereinterviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-RDiagnosis (SCID), and symptoms were rated using structured interviewversions of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) (Hamilton, "TheAssessment of Anxiety States by Rating,"Br. J. Med. Phychol., 32:pp.50-55, 1959), and the 31 item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D)(Hamilton, "A Rating Scale for Depression,"J. Neurol. Neurosurg.Phychiat., 53:pp. 56-62, 1960). A physical examination was performed andblood was drawn from each patient for laboratory screening.

Subjects meeting the following requirements were entered into the study:

Inclusion criteria:

1. Age 18-65

2. Able to give informed consent

3. Meets DSM-III criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder or AdjustmentDisorder with Anxious Mood for at least three months' duration.

4. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) equal or greater than 18

Exclusion criteria:

1. Meets DSM-III-R criteria for Substance Abuse in past three months.

2. Known contraindication to low intensity magnetic field (includingpregnant patients or those planning to become pregnant in near future)

3. Meets DSM-III-R criteria for Current Mania, Hypomania, orMixed-Episode Depression, Dysthymia, or Cyclothymia.

4. History of Panic Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder,Schizophrenia, or Schizoaffective Disorder

5. Acute suicidal ideation at screening interview

6. Use of anxiolytic medication within one week of screening visit

7. Dosage of other psychoactive agents not stable during preceding 12weeks

8. Has started new psychotherapy in the preceding six months

9. Plans to begin new psychotherapy during the course of the study

Subjects were given oral and written instructions for home use of theLEET device. Treatment consisted of daily exposures of 15 minutes eachmorning and 30 minutes each evening. The devices were pre-programmed toprovide selected AM frequency RFEM waves via an antenna which thesubject placed against the roof of their mouths. Subject were instructedto use the devices while recumbent with their eyes closed. All ratingswere performed under open conditions. After six weeks of treatment, thedevices were collected. Patients returned for follow-up visits in thesecond and fourth weeks after discontinuing treatment.

RESULTS:

Results are reported for the four women and six men who entered theprotocol. As Table VIII illustrates, mean Ham-A improved from 23.4 to8.1 after the first week of-treatment. By the third week of treatment,nine of the ten subjects showed improvement on the Ham-A of at least 50%of their baseline scores. Improvement was generally sustained throughthe sixth week. After discontinuation, the benefit of treatment appearedsustained in some subjects through the post-treatment follow-up.Although many subjects experienced some increase in Ham-A afterdiscontinuing treatment, no subject reported rebound anxiety. Meanscores on Ham-D also improved from 15.01 at baseline and remained lessthan 6 after the first week of treatment.

                                      TABLE VIII                                  __________________________________________________________________________    MEAN HAMILTON ANXIETY SCALE SCORES, ALL SUBJECTS                                   Week                                                                              Week                                                                              Week                                                                              Week                                                                              Week                                                                              Week                                                                              Post Tx +                                                                           Post Tx +                                  Baseline                                                                           1   2   3   4   5   6   2 Wks 4 Wks                                      __________________________________________________________________________    23.4 8.1 5.3 5.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 6.0   8.1                                        __________________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION:

The results are noteworthy for several reasons. First, LEET is anentirely new treatment paradigm which offers an attractive side effectprofile and the potential to treat anxiety and related disorders.Second, the results are encouraging both in the magnitude of the effectand in the percentage of patients who achieved a clinically significantimprovement. Third, the possibility that all instances of observedefficacy are due to placebo response is diminished by the duration ofthe observed improvement and that several of the patients had failed toimprove in prior controlled studies and in previous open treatment withhigh potency benzodiazepines and/or antidepressants. Further researchunder double-blind conditions is indicated to further establish theefficacy of LEET and to clarify its role in clinical practice.

Although the invention has been described with reference to certainembodiments, it will be understood by those of skill in this art thatadditions, deletions and changes can be made to these embodiments,without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A program storage device readable by a machinehaving a carrier signal generator, a carrier signal modulator connectedto said generator and a probe connected to said modulator, said programstorage device tangibly embodying a program of instructions executableby the machine to perform the method steps of:said carrier signalgenerator generating a radio frequency low energy carrier signal; saidcarrier signal modulator modulating said radio frequency low energycarrier signal with a plurality of modulation signals to produce amodulated carrier signal; and applying said modulated carrier signal toa patient with said probe.
 2. The program storage device claim 1, saidmodulating step comprising:modulating said carrier signal with a firstmodulation signal for a first time increment; and modulating saidcarrier signal with a second modulation signal for a second timeincrement.
 3. The program storage device of claim 2, wherein said secondtime increment occurs immediately after expiration of said first timeincrement.
 4. The program storage device of claim 2, wherein the secondtime increment occurs after a delay for a third time increment afterexpiration of said first time increment.
 5. The program storage deviceof claim 1, wherein said generating step comprises generating said radiofrequency low energy carrier signal with spectral frequency componentsbelow 1 GHz, and wherein said modulating step comprises modulating thecarrier signal with a plurality of modulation signals having spectralfrequency components between 0.1 Hz and 10 kHz.
 6. The program storagedevice of claim 5, wherein the carrier signal has spectral frequencycomponents between 1 MHz and 900 MHz, and wherein the plurality ofmodulation signals have spectral frequency components between 1.0 Hz and1000 Hz.
 7. The program storage device of claim 5, wherein the pluralityof modulation signals comprise frequency components selected from thebandwidths of 1-5 Hz, 9-12 Hz, 14-17 Hz, 21-24 Hz, 40-50 Hz, 100-110 Hz,and 175-200 Hz.
 8. The program storage device of claim 5, wherein theplurality of modulation signals comprise frequency components selectedfrom the bandwidths of 1-5 Hz, 14-17 Hz, 40-50 Hz, and 175-200 Hz. 9.The program storage device of claim 8, said modulating step comprising,modulating said carrier signal with a first group of modulation signalsin conjunction with a second group of modulation signals.
 10. Theprogram storage device of claim 9, wherein the first group of modulationsignals comprise frequency components selected from the bandwidth of 1-5Hz.
 11. The program storage device of claim 10, wherein said first groupof modulation signals comprise frequency components selected from about1.4 Hz, about 2.8 Hz, and about 3.4 Hz.
 12. The program storage deviceof claim 11, said modulating step comprising, modulating said carriersignal with the following modulation signals for the following timeincrements: about 1.4 Hz for about 40 seconds, about 2.8 Hz for about 20seconds and about 3.4 Hz for about 15 seconds.
 13. The program storagedevice of claim 11, wherein the modulation signals are used to modulatesaid carrier signal sequentially over a period of about 15 minutes. 14.The program storage device of claim 11, said modulating step comprising,modulating said carrier signal with the following modulation signals forthe following time increments: about 1.4 Hz for about 37 seconds, about2.8 Hz for about 18 seconds and about 3.4 Hz for about 15 seconds. 15.The program storage device of claim 14, wherein the modulation signalsare used to modulate said carrier signal sequentially over a period ofabout 15 minutes.
 16. The program storage device of claim 10, whereinthe second group of modulation signals comprise frequency componentsselected from the bandwidths of 1-5 Hz, 14-17 Hz, 40-50 Hz, and 175-200Hz.
 17. The program storage device of claim 16, wherein said secondgroup of modulation signals comprise frequency components selected fromabout 3.4 Hz, about 14.6 Hz, about 42.7 Hz, about 48.9 Hz or about 189.7Hz.
 18. The program storage device of claim 17, said modulating stepcomprising, modulating said carrier signal with the following modulationsignals for the following time increments: about 3.4 Hz for about 15seconds, about 14.6 Hz for about 4 seconds, about 42.7 Hz for about 2seconds, about 48.9 Hz for about 2 seconds, and about 189.7 Hz for about1 second.
 19. The program storage device of claim 18, wherein themodulation signals are used to modulate said carrier signal sequentiallyover a period of about 30 minutes.
 20. The program storage device ofclaim 5, wherein the plurality of modulation signals comprise frequencycomponents selected from the bandwidths 1-5 Hz, 21-24 Hz, and 40-50 Hz.21. The program storage device of claim 20, wherein the plurality ofmodulation signals comprise frequency components selected from about 2.7Hz, about 21.9 Hz, about 42.7 Hz, and about 48.9 Hz.
 22. The programstorage device of claim 21, said modulation step comprising, modulatingsaid carrier signal with the following modulation signals for thefollowing time increments: about 2.7 Hz for about 6 seconds, about 21.9Hz for about 4 seconds, about 42.7 Hz for about 3 seconds, and about48.9 Hz for about 3 seconds.
 23. The program storage device of claim 22,wherein the modulation signals are used to modulate the carrier signalsequentially over a period of about 20 minutes.
 24. The program storagedevice of claim 23, said modulating step further comprising, introducinga pause between application of the modulation signals.
 25. The programstorage device of claim 24, wherein the duration of the pause is about 1second.
 26. The program storage device of claim 1, said carrier signalmodulator further controlling an amount of low energy emission appliedto the patient.
 27. The program storage device of claim 26, saidcontrolling step comprising, controlling an amount of power applied tothe patient to cause a specific absorption rate of energy absorbed bytissue of the patient to be from 100 microWatt to 50 Watts per kilogramof tissue.
 28. The program storage device of claim 26, said tissue ofthe patient being central nervous system tissue.
 29. The program storagedevice of claim 26, said controlling step comprising, controlling anamount of power applied to the patient to cause a specific absorptionrate of energy absorbed by tissue of the patient to be from 100microWatts to 10 Watts per kilogram of tissue.
 30. The program storagedevice of claim 29, said tissue of the patient being central nervoussystem tissue.
 31. The program storage device of claim 26, saidcontrolling step comprising, controlling an amount of power applied tothe patient to cause a specific absorption rate of energy absorbed bytissue of the patient to be from 1 milliWatt to 100 milliWatts perkilogram of tissue.
 32. The program storage device of claim 31, saidtissue of the patient being central nervous system tissue.